Prep 15 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Prep 15 - Essay Example In this case, variations in these isolated populations will be more as a result of genetic drift compared to natural selection. The molecular clock is a methodology in molecular evolution that uses rates of molecular change and fossil constraints to determine the time in geologic history when two species diverged. The technique is used to approximation the duration of occurrence of events called radiation or speciation. The molecular statistics used for such computations are usually for DNA sequences or amino acid sequences. It is possible to tell that the molecular clock is working because its principle of working is based on Charles Darwin theory of ev0lution. In addition, the concept of DNA sequence has been integrated in modern fossil dating techniques. In this case, the result obtained from molecular clock techniques are usually compared with those of other methodology. The molecular clock techniques yield desirable results when the species generations are not changing from time to time. The population size has to be sizeable to reduce the effect of genetic drift and the nature of protein studied requir es being stable. The neutral evolution theory, according to Sittyr (2009), is used for null hypothesis since it holds that the molecular evolutionary changes and other variation within species is not as a result of natural selection but by random drift of neutral mutant alleles. The concept is used to detect natural selection since it works to explain that genes do not experience natural selection but are affected by genetic drift. In this case, if the hypothesis of neutral evolution is not proven, then the national selection has taken place. When a synonymous, also referred to as silent mutation, occurs the change is frequently assumed to be neutral. This means that the ration of the organisms that are not affected by the mutation shows fitness of the individual with the new gene to reproduce and survive. Inbreeding is the production

Informative Speech Outline Essay Example for Free

Informative Speech Outline Essay Purpose: To inform my audience members about diabetes, the complications of diabetes, and what they can do to prevent diabetes from happening or how they can manage and maintain a healthy lifestyle if they are currently living with diabetes. Introduction I. Show of hands, how many of you know someone who has diabetes? Need/Connection II. According to the National Diabetes Report, 2014 from the centers for disease control and prevention, nearly 29.1 million people in the United States have Diabetes Speaker Credibility III. Almost all of my family are now currently living with diabetes, and one of them is my mom, she has type 2 Diabetes and having to see her inject herself with insulin every day and have to watch her not being able to eat all the food she wants is tough since she always has to watch how much sugar she intakes. Topic and Main Points IV. Now, although some of us may not all have diabetes, diabetes is the fastest growing disease in the country, and is also one of the top ten leading causes of death. Today I will speak to you about the types of diabetes, complications of diabetes, and steps you can do to prevent yourself from this disease or ways to keep your diabetes under control. Transition Statement V. I will begin by informing you all on what exactly diabetes is, and the types of VI. Body A. What is diabetes? According to the Joslin Diabetes Center; diabetes is defined as a disease in which the body is unable to properly use and store glucose. Glucose is the main source of fuel for the body. And a person with diabetes cannot absorb glucose properly, and glucose stays circulating in the blood damaging tissues over time. B. Types of diabetes I. Type 1 Diabetes: Formally known as juvenile diabetes, which is usually diagnosed in children and young adults. Type 1 diabetes is where the body does not produce any insulin, and people who have type 1 diabetes must take daily injections or pumps to be able to survive on a day to day basis. II. Type 2 diabetes: Formally known as adult-onset or non- insulin dependent diabetes, type 2 is much more common than type 1. Type 2 diabetes is where not enough insulin is produced, and people with type 2 diabetes will need to take either medication or insulin to help regulate the insulin in their body. III. Gestational Diabetes: According to the Baby Center Medical Advisory Board when the body needs additional insulin, the pancreas dutifully secrets more of it, but if your pancreas can’t keep up with the increased insulin demand during pregnancy, your blood levels rise, eventually resulting to gestational diabetes. Most woman with gestational diabetes don’t remain diabetic after the baby is born, but the women are at higher risk for getting it again during a future pregnancy and for developing type 2 diabetes later in life. Transition Statement Keeping diabetes under control can reduce the risk of having future complications C. Complication of Diabetes I. There are many risks and complications with diabetes that are serious, and can sometimes even result to death. Just to give a couple examples: heart disease, nerve damage, amputations, and vision problems. II. According to the World Health Organization diabetes increases the risk of heart disease and stroke. 50% of people with diabetes die of cardiovascular disease. Transition Statement There are many complications associated with diabetes that can be very scary, and life threating. But there are many steps you can do to keep your diabetes under control or prevent diabetes from entering your lifestyle. D. What we can do to maintain/prevent normal blood sugar levels. I. For those who are currently living with diabetes you can take some measures to keep your condition in line by exercising regularly, eating healthy, and taking medications instructed by your doctors. II. For those who don’t have diabetes we can take preventative measures to stop diabetes from happening  to us. Although it may tough to stay away from all those sweets, once in a while we can make some healthy eating choices and increase our physical activity. Transition Statement By better understanding of what diabetes is, and becoming knowledgeable on the consequences of diabetes we can prevent it or still maintain a healthy lifestyle while living with diabetes. Conclusion I. Diabetes is an incurable disease that affects a large amount of people today, but if we are well informed we can make smart decisions. II. There is no real cure for diabetes, but those who are diagnosed with it can still live a long healthy life if they take care of themselves. To better understand diabetes we need to recognize the types of diabetes, and realize the steps we can take to prevent and maintain this disease. Works Cited Gestational Diabetes: Causes, Diagnosis Treatment. BabyCenter. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Sept. 2014. What Is Gestational Diabetes? American Diabetes Association. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Sept. 2014. Translation, Division Of Diabetes. National Diabetes Statistics Report, 2014(n.d.): n. pag. Web. National Diabetes InformationClearinghouse (NDIC). Diabetes Overview. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Sept. 2014. Large squirrel 556

A Work of Artifice - A Profound Poem for Many Cultures Essay -- Poetry

"A Work of Artifice"- A Profound Poem for Many Cultures Suppression of women has occurred in all societies. Damage created by societal repression ranges from psychological damage to physical damage. Â  The suppression of women is not only perpetrated by men, often other women support the cultural traditions which are damaging, as they themselves grew up within the confines of those social norms. Â  Marge Piercy, a feminist activist, writer and poet makes a statement against social norms damaging to women with her poem, "A Work of Artifice". After reading the poem, one can certainly appreciate the fact that many norms embraced as acceptable for a woman causes physical and psychological damage to their total health. Through "A Work of Artifice", Piercy delivers a poignant message to societies everywhere. A "Work of Artifice" contains images of female suppression from various cultures. Piercy uses the symbol of a bonsai tree to represent a woman that has been conformed to society. The gardener "whittles back the branches" (Piercy, 10) every day, as a society or group forms a woman into what they think is decent or acceptable. Much literature, as well as other forms of media is devoted to depicting women who find themselves trying to achieve their dreams, while simultaneously having to work against the wishes of the greater part of their societies. Sometimes the heroines have to struggle to overcome society created morals within themselves. An example of this can be found within David Graham Phillips' novel The Price She Paid. The heroine, Gertrude, must give up her notions (which have been impressed upon her since birth by her family, community, and the larger part of New York Society) of what a "lady's" occupations and actions sho... ... binding- lotus shoes". San Francisco Museum: 1999. 13 Mar 2003 <a href="http://www.sfmuseum.org/chin/foot.html">http://www.sfmuseum.org/chin/foot.html</a> Eliade, Mircea, The Sacred and the Profane. Trans. Willard R. Trask. Â  New York: Harcourt Inc, 1959 "Female Genital Mutilation, a course pack". Amnesty International Website. 14 Mar 2003 <a href="http://www.amnesty.org/ailib/intcam/femgen/fgm1.htm#ref1">http://www.amnesty.org/ailib/intcam/femgen/fgm1.htm#ref1</a> Phillips, David Graham, The Price She Paid. IndyPublish.com: 2002. 14 Mar 2003 <a href="http://jollyroger.com/library1/ThePriceShePaidbyPhillipsebook.html">http://jollyroger.com/library1/ThePriceShePaidbyPhillipsebook.html</a> Piercy, Marge, "A Work of Artifice". Literature: Thinking, Reading and Writing Critically. Ed. Sylvan et al. 2nd ed. New York: Longman, 1997: 882-83, 894

Grant, Hero of A Lesson Before Dying Essay

How we act or react in difficult situations defines our persona. Sometimes these situations provide opportunities to be a hero. After reading Grant Wiggins’s own definition of a hero, it is apparent that Grant becomes a hero. Grant states, â€Å"A hero is someone who does something for other people. He does something that other men don’t and cant to. He is different from other men. He is above other men. No matter who those other men are, the hero, no matter who he is, is above them.† Grant becomes a hero by earning an education to become a teacher, undergoing psychological changes, and counseling Jefferson to die with dignity. A hero is different from others and does something others cannot. Grant’s drive to defy stereo type, become a teacher, and contribute to the community demonstrates that he is a hero. Grant is an African American son of cane-cutters who worked on a Louisiana plantation. He grew up working a labor job and was expected by society to continue as a laborer. Through determination he was able to escape his surroundings to earn a college education. He returns as an educated university man hoping to make a positive impact on society, but is still looked down upon. College gave him a new perspective and educated way of speaking and thinking, but he was still not equal to the whites. Grant continued to persevere through segregation and unfair treatment. He maintained his goal of making a difference by teaching in a church without desks or other supplies. Grants ability to escape his environment and stereotyping, earn an education, and return to his community to make changes, makes him different from others in his community. Grant was different from others and taught in conditions that most could not. Grant is a hero. Grant proved himself a hero, not only by overcoming struggles with racism, but with overcoming struggles within his own mind. A hero is above all other men. Many times a change must take place for man to become a hero above all other men. Throughout the novel, Grant undergoes psychological changes that allow him to become a hero. Grant’s life is filled with rage for the way he is treated by whites. Eventually this rage becomes self-loathing and cynicism, because he feels he is taking the unjust treatment from whites lying down. This downward spiral causes him to alienate himself from people he loves and feel that the community is helpless. During a conversation with Vivian, Grant says, he cannot face Jefferson because he cannot face himself and his own life. Vivian helps Grant realize that he has left the South in the past, has returned, and still has not left. This helps him realize that he is there for a reason. Another change happens when he accepts the task of helping Jefferson. At first Grant is angry and believes that Miss Emma wants him to perform a difficult and maybe impossible task of convincing Jefferson to die with defiance and character. After accepting this task and dealings with Jefferson, Grant realizes what a hero is and he can have an impact on the community. Finally when Grant breaks down in front of his students he realizes that he is ready to connect with the children that he has been so strict with. Many heroes have to overcome an inner struggle to realize their potential for greatness. Eventually through his interactions with his family, Vivian, Jefferson, and students he realizes to view everyone positively which gives him the strength and courage to make an impact in his community. Grant’s actions with Jefferson embody the heroic effort of doing something for someone else. Jefferson is thought of as an animal, and even compared to a â€Å"hog†. Grant wants Jefferson to believe that he is more than convict and just a black man. Grant wants Jefferson to believe that he can change society. Grant visits Jefferson regularly, councils him, gives him a radio, and hope. Before Jefferson’s death, Grant confides in him and says, â€Å"My faith is in you, Jefferson.† Through his efforts and faith, Jefferson completes his transformation into a dignified human being. Grant’s perspectives change throughout the novel as a result of his interactions with his family, Vivian, Jefferson, and his students. When given the opportunity to be a hero, he accepts and becomes a hero. His escaping his environment and stereotyping to become a teacher, overcoming psychological struggles, and helping Jefferson die with dignity proves that he is a hero in the novel.

Homeschool vs Public School Essay

In this paper I plan on describing education and how it has shaped me. How education effects everyone depending on their situation, whether they are rich, poor, white, black, healthy , or disable . There is a type of education for everybody. In all three essays the authors taught us through the characters they used, the hardships and discrimination that they insured trying to seek an education if they were not considered in the right classification in society. They have taught us that nothing can stop us and we can reach to the stars for anything we want to do as long as we have the will power. As you read my essay you will see some of my own mothers hardships that she went through for us so we could get a good education. The essay tells you how you should go about to choose your education too. It proved in the essay â€Å"Finishing School† by Maya Angelou, how hard it was to be poor and black and get an education or be recognized in society. Even though her Mistress tried to dishonor her by changing her name and disgracing her in front of her friends Angelou had no intention on standing still for it. She might be black but she was not to be put down . She was just as smart or smarter as her mistress as far as she was concerned and no one had any right black or white , rich or poor to discriminate or change anything about her. This was a lesson Angelou taught us to do standing up for ourselves no matter how hard it may be Our education is well worth it and so are we. In the essay â€Å"Indian Education† by Sherman Alexie, he had it hard on the reservation. First he was picked on in school by his peers,,which is something a lot of us go through. As he got older he turned the tables and went through many hardships in his education. Finally to succeed and going to public school. He had to change his ways and get a proper education in order to become something in life. Alexie learned from discrimination and peer pressure. He learned what he had to do to make his life better and how to improve it . All the hardships Alexie, Angelou and Smith-Yackel went through did not stop any of them, they kept going and that is what is I think what makes our education the same Teachers have a way with teaching as told in the essay The Banking â€Å"Concept of Education â€Å"by Paulo Concept of Education (Home School vs. Public School 3 Friere. As told in the essay Friere points out how â€Å"Four times Four is Sixteen† can just be words unless put to use by the student . It is not just up to the teacher to teach us but up to us to take in what the teacher is trying to teach us. However, at the same time it goes without saying if a teacher knows only one way of teaching which may be memorization then that may be the only way a student can learn . So as student I think it is up to us to learn as much as we can. The teacher can only do so much, we have to do the rest . I think that is what Friere is also trying to point out to us. It is not only up to the teacher but up to us as the student too. The essay written by Bonnie Smith-Yackel â€Å"My Mother Never Worked†, is the one that really touched my heart the most. This is my favorite one. My mother was like Martha in many ways. Although my mother had epilepsy all of her life she volunteered to do everything for everyone. My mom was on disability but did not let that keep her down. It was society that tried to keep her, down but she refused to let them hold her back. She was a stay at home mom and did everything for us . She babysat for neighbors, friends and family. She was there at a moment’s notice if anyone had a sick child and needed her. She was a wonderful mother and wife. She went to college for child development and got her associates degree. When we started school she went to school with us every day and volunteered from eight in the morning till we got out of school each day. My moms dream was to be a teacher but because of epilepsy and disability she could not. She could still volunteer though but not get paid for her services. This did not bother my mom. To her she was still fulfilling her job as a teacher. When I was a child I went to public school. I learned a lot while in elementary school and some of middle school. As I got older I cared less about my education and more about fitting in. I grew up in Michigan and went to school there until the middle of the eighth grade. Starting in about the seventh grade school started being more about who was more popular and who likes who, or look at those cheap shoes that girl is wearing. For me I was more concerned about being cool and Concept of Education (Home School vs. Public School) 4 fitting in, than caring about my education. In the middle of eighth grade my family moved to Arkansas. This was very hard on me. I missed my friends very much and didn’t want to start a new school. My grades did improve for a while, but that was only because I didn’t have any friends to focus my attention on. I focused more on my school work. However this did not last long. I didn’t fit in because it was a very small town and I was a shy kid. I then started skipping school. When my mom found out she decided to put me in home school. Education was important to her and my dad. She always wanted to make sure I succeeded in life She got me up every morning just like as if I was going to school. I had the same hours as any other student in public school. My vacations were based around the public school. If the public school had a snow day or holiday I was allowed to have that day off. Home school was good for me because I had one on one teaching which I did not have in the public school. I needed that because of me being so shy and at times I would not raise my hand if I had questions. In home school I had my mom and dad to help me. I could focus better on my school work because I was not distracted or afraid of not getting anything done . I had hands on learning with my mom, and my dad incorporated projects to go with her lessons. I remember my dad and making a computer out of sugar cubes and Styrofoam , volcano, castles out of toilet paper rolls and a lot of other projects. I was never really good in English although believe it or not my mom was very good . My mom taught me the basics of school work, while my dad taught me about cars , how to plant a garden, and taking care of animals such as pigs, chickens, cows. We had a garden with fruits and vegetables, I learned to cook for large family. I was in FFA and I won the BBQ chicken semi- finals. I learned how to live in society. I worked and had a job too. My mom taught me much more then what you can learn in a book . She taught me lives lessons just like Martha taught her children in My Mother Never Worked. She gave me the skills I needed. I learned to use those skills and so here I am today working at Lakeland Hospital now for 10 years Concept of Education (Home School vs. Public School) 5 and finally going to college and studying for a nursing Career. Audience Analysis With education comes how we the parent, teacher and student will educate or be educated. One of the toughest decisions that you’re going to face as a parent is that you’re going to have to decide where to send your kids to school. However, most parents at least consider the choice to choose either private school, home school or public school. You as a parent can weigh the options of what you think would be better for you and your child’s education. To do this you and your child might want to weight the factors that play a part in the pros and cons of public school and home school and what is best for you and your child. As a parent you may feel that public schools have too many peer problems. Kids may argue with peers or pick up bad habits in public schools. There are so many children to one teacher it is hard to give one on one to the child that is quiet and needs help but won’t ask and they get lost in the school system. Your child may have health issues, like diabetes or other disabilities therefore when lunchtime comes it is hard for your child if he or she has diabetes or foods he or she can not have and is forced to eat what there or just take a sandwich from home and be the outsider. As a parent or student you need to weigh what is best for the both of you. Home schooling may be the answer in this case. Home schooling is a great way to bring a family closer together, but you have to make sure your kids (and you) are getting the social interaction they need. You can set a school schedule that suits your family, travel together when it’s best for all of you and enjoy more family a nd life together. You also need to make sure you have the type of relationship with your child to listen to instruction from you as a teacher instead to a parent, You as a parent have the option to teach your child anything from bible (which most public schools do not allow) to the basics school book skills to life skills. As a working parent public school is probably better . Transportation is provided, so there is no need Concept of Education (Home School vs. Public School) 6 to worry about having a car. School buses will pick up your child to and from school. For some parents the choice is easy because of the funds and the availability of the parent’s time. Public schools provide the kids with an opportunity to great activities , this is important to many of you as parents and as students . Many of you want your children in activities and think this is important. Public school gives you this option , so this you might want to take into consideration also. All around development is easier in public schools. If you are worried about feeding your child at school and you are low income, they have low cost or free breakfast and lunches for your child too. So basically it is up to you on the education of your children. There are pros and cons. In Conclusion: Some kids do best when they are able to combine different options to complete their education. In order to choose the right type of school, you need to weigh all of the options open to you. My sister Amy went and graduated from public school with honors. My sister Christal received a GED., she choose to work. School was hard for her. I have an adopted sister Janice who was in special ed , she went to public school but was in special classes and received a special diploma . Now days you can do both of two worlds my sister (Chasity) has PCOS and Diabetes which made her miss a lot of school so she is doing through Coloma High School , a Coloma Virtual Academy which is a home school but works with the public school too. . She goes to school to pick classes, participates if she wishes, can graduate with her class, but her Doctors appointment’s and her health problems will no longer prevent her from her education. So my mom is home schooling her in a different way than she did me. They made a different choice of education for her. They both were good choices but for different reasons. That is why you should look into the situation before deciding what to do. As a parent your child is not the same as anyone else so they may require a different type of education just like my sisters and I did. It is you and your child’s choice

Taiping Rebellion in Qing China

Taiping Rebellion in Qing China The Taiping Rebellion (1851-1864) was a millenarian uprising in southern China that began as a peasant rebellion  and turned into an extremely bloody civil war. It broke out in 1851, a Han Chinese reaction against the Qing Dynasty, which was ethnically Manchu. The rebellion was sparked by a famine in Guangxi Province, and Qing government repression of the resulting peasant protests. A would-be scholar named Hong Xiuquan, from the Hakka minority, had tried for years to pass the exacting imperial civil service examinations  but had failed each time. While suffering from a fever, Hong learned from a vision that he was the younger brother of Jesus Christ  and that he had a mission to rid China of Manchu rule and of Confucian ideas. Hong was influenced by an eccentric Baptist missionary from the United States named Issachar Jacox Roberts. Hong Xiuquans teachings and the famine sparked a January 1851 uprising in Jintian (now called Guiping), which the government quashed. In response, a rebel army of 10,000 men and women marched to Jintian and overran the garrison of Qing troops stationed there; this marks the official start of the Taiping Rebellion. Taiping Heavenly Kingdom To celebrate the victory, Hong Xiuquan announced the formation of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, with himself as king. His followers tied red cloths around their heads. The men also grew out their hair, which had been kept in the queue style as per Qing regulations. Growing long hair was a capital offense under Qing law. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom had other policies that put it at odds with Beijing. It abolished private ownership of property, in an interesting foreshadowing of Maos communist ideology. Also, like the communists, the Taiping Kingdom declared men and women equal  and abolished social classes. However, based on Hongs understanding of Christianity, men and women were kept strictly segregated, and even married couples were prohibited from living together or having sex. This restriction did not apply to Hong himself, of courseas self-proclaimed king, he had a large number of concubines. The Heavenly Kingdom also outlawed foot binding, based its civil service exams on the Bible instead of Confucian texts, used a lunar calendar rather than a solar one, and outlawed vices such as opium, tobacco, alcohol, gambling, and prostitution. The Rebels The Taiping rebels early military success made them quite popular with the peasants of Guangxi, but their efforts to attract support from the middle-class landowners and from Europeans failed. Leadership of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom began to fracture, as well, and Hong Xiuquan went into seclusion. He issued proclamations, mostly of a religious nature, while the Machiavellian rebel general Yang Xiuqing took over military and political operations for the rebellion. Hong Xiuquans followers rose up against Yang in 1856, killing him, his family, and the rebel soldiers loyal to him. The Taiping Rebellion began to fail in 1861  when the rebels proved unable to take Shanghai. A coalition of Qing troops and Chinese soldiers under European officers defended the city, then set out to crush the rebellion in the southern provinces. After three years of bloody fighting, the Qing government had retaken most of the rebel areas. Hong Xiuquan died of food poisoning in June of 1864, leaving his hapless 15-year-old son on the throne. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdoms capital at Nanjing fell the following month after hard urban fighting, and the Qing troops executed the rebel leaders. At its peak, the Taiping Heavenly Army likely fielded approximately 500,000 soldiers, male and female. It initiated the idea of total war - every citizen living within the boundaries of the Heavenly Kingdom was trained to fight, thus civilians on either side could expect no mercy from the opposing army. Both opponents used scorched earth tactics, as well as mass executions. As a result, the Taiping Rebellion was likely the bloodiest war of the nineteenth century, with an estimated 20 - 30 million casualties, mostly civilians. Around 600 entire cities in Guangxi, Anhui, Nanjing, and Guangdong Provinces were wiped from the map. Despite this horrific outcome, and the founders millennial Christian inspiration, the Taiping Rebellion proved motivational for Mao Zedongs Red Army during the Chinese Civil War the following century. The Jintian Uprising that started it all has a prominent place on the Monument to the Peoples Heroes that stands today in Tiananmen Square, central Beijing.

AIDS Case Study Essay Essays

AIDS Case Study Essay Essays AIDS Case Study Essay Essay AIDS Case Study Essay Essay Client Profile: Mr. Thomas is a 42 twelvemonth old adult male admitted to the infirmary with ailments of shortness of breath. febrility. weariness and unwritten thrush. The wellness attention supplier reviews the research lab and diagnostic trials with Mr. Thomas and informs him he has pneumonia and is HIV positive. Mr. Thomas believes that he contracted HIV while involved in an matter with another adult female three old ages ago. He is afraid to state his married woman. cognizing she will be angry and that she may go forth him. Case Study: The nurse assigned to care for Mr. Thomas reads in the medical record ( chart ) that he learned two yearss ago he was HIV positive. There is a note in the record that indicates that Mr. Thomas has non told his married woman the diagnosing. To finish a functional wellness form appraisal. the nurse asks Mr. Thomas if he may inquire him a few inquiries. Mr. Thomas is willing and in the class of their conversation portions with the nurse that he believes that he contracted the HIV during an matter with another adult female. He states. â€Å"How can I state my married woman about this? I am so ashamed. It is bad plenty that I had an matter. but to hold to state her in this manner – I merely don’t think I can. She is non ill at all. I will merely state I have pneumonia and take the medicine my wellness attention supplier gave me. I do non desire my married woman of anyone else to cognize. If she begins to demo marks of non experiencing good. so I will state her. I merely can’t tell anyone. What will people believe of me if they know I have AIDS? † 1. Briefly discuss how the HIV is transmitted and how it is non. How can Mr. Thomas prevent the transmittal of HIV to his married woman and others? In septic people. infective HIV is present merely in cells and in some bodily fluids. HIV can be isolated easy from blood. seeds and vaginal/cervical secernments ( including catamenial fluids ) . Blood and seeds are the cells that are most likely to transport HIV. HIV has besides been isolated from chest milk. With much greater trouble. the virus has on juncture. been isolated from spit. cryings. and urine. It is has non been isolated from sweat or fecal matters. The current scientific position is that organic structure fluids other than blood. seeds. vaginal/cervical secernments. and breast milk. contain so small. if any. HIV that they are non of major importance in HIV transmittal between persons. HIV is really delicate outside of the organic structure. so transmission requires direct contact of two substances. fluid incorporating the HIV from an septic individual and susceptible cells ( normally via the blood watercourse ) of another individual. Casual contact includes all types o f ordinary every twenty-four hours. non-sexual contact between and among people. Shaking custodies. caressing. caressing. sharing eating utensils. sharing towels or serviettes. utilizing the same phone and utilizing a lavatory place are all illustrations of insouciant contact. Because HIV is rapidly inactive outside the organic structure. it can non last in unfastened air or in H2O. ( 1 ) Methods that Mr. Thomas can convey HIV to his married woman and others would be any type of blood transmittal or adumbrate sexual contact. Epidemiological information points to three manners of HIV transmittal from individual to individual: from blood. from birth. and from sex. Since Mr. Thomas is male we can traverse out birth. Mr. Thomas can forestall transmittal of HIV to his married woman and others by merely prosecuting in sexual activity with a rubber. and even so there is a hazard of the rubber breakage and so being careful with any types of cuts. unfastened lesions. and contact with others and his ain blood. 2. Mr. Thomas stated. â€Å"What will people believe of me if they know I have AIDS? † How can the nurse explain the difference between being HIV positive and holding AIDS? The nurse can explicate n that Mr. Thomas does non hold AIDS. AIDs are a complication once the immune system can no longer manage contending the HIV infection. HIV is the existent infection itself. AIDS is what happens one time the immune system is compromised taking the manner to other infections that may non impact a normal healthy grownup or kid. but become life endangering to a individual with AID’s. This is caused by the diminished immune systems inability to contend off any infection. 3. Discourse the ethical quandary inherent in this instance. HIV revelation is defined as a ‘complex and multifaceted procedure of doing a voluntary or nonvoluntary determination about whom to inform about one’s position. why. when. where and how’ . This is peculiarly disputing when it comes to informing patients’ sexual spouses. besides referred to as spouse presentment. The three attacks to spouse presentment include: I ) beginning referral. whereby the wellness attention supplier encourages the patients to alarm their spouses themselves ; twos ) provider referral. whereby the wellness attention supplier notifies the spouses with the consent of the patients while esteeming the patients’ confidentiality ; and iii ) conditional referral. whereby the patients in understanding with the wellness attention supplier are supposed to inform their spouses within a given clip frame otherwise the wellness attention supplier will make so ( but without uncovering the patients’ individuality ) ( 2 ) 4. Does the wellness attention supplier have a legal duty to state anyone other than Mr. Thomas that he is HIV positive? If so. discuss. Legally. the nurse can’t tell anyone. â€Å"In tribunal advising an HIV-positive patient’s spouse can be argued in footings of transgressing professional moralss because ethically it is incorrect to unwrap your patient’s consequence or diagnosing to 3rd parties without that individual’s consent. † 5. Any loss. such as loss of one’s wellness. consequences in a grief response. Describe the phases of heartache harmonizing to Kubler-Ross. Denial: â€Å"This can non go on to me! †Anger: â€Å"Why did this happen to me? Who’s to fault for this? † Bargaining: â€Å"Just allow me populate. and I’ll do anything†Depression: â€Å"I am excessively sad to make anything†Credence: â€Å"I’m at peace with what is coming† . 6. Discuss which phase of grief Mr. Thomas is most likely experiencing. Provide examples of Mr. Thomas’s behavior that back up your determination. I believe that Mr. Thomas is sing both denial and choler. In denial. he recognizes that this is so go oning to him but he does non desire his married woman to cognize and that is his refusal to accept what is traveling on. The choler part comes from him faulting his matter for it go oning in which sense he blames both himself and the adult female he had the matter with. 7. What research lab trials are used to corroborate the diagnosing of HIV infection in an grownup? HIV is most normally diagnosed by proving your blood or spit for the presence of antibodies to the virus. A newer type of trial cheques for HIV antigen. a protein produced by the virus instantly after infection. 8. Discourse the map of CD4 T cells and supply an illustration of how the CD4 T cell count guides the direction of HIV. CD4 cells are a type of white blood cell that’s specifically targeted and destroyed by HIV. A healthy person’s CD4 count can change from 500 to more than 1. 000. Even if a individual has no symptoms. HIV infection progresses to Help when his or her CD4 count becomes less than 200. ( 3 ) 9. Briefly explain the intent of viral burden blood trials in supervising the patterned advance of HIV. The viral burden trial measures the sum of virus in your blood. Surveies have shown that people with higher viral tonss by and large fare more ill than do those with a lower viral burden. ( 3 ) 10. Mr. Thomas expresses a preparedness to larn more about HIV. Discuss the nurse’s initial intercession when get downing client instruction and so discourse the patterned advance of the HIV disease. including an account of primary infection. A. B. and C and four chief types of timeserving infections. There are different phases of HIV infection. Primary HIV infection can demo symptoms that can be confused as the grippe. These symptoms can last for a couple yearss to a few hebdomads and so vanish. Phase 2 is an symptomless phase significance that the patient likely shows small to no symptoms. â€Å"This phase stopping points for an norm of 10 old ages and. as its name suggests. is free from major symptoms. although there may be swollen secretory organs. The degree of HIV in the peripheral blood beads to really low degrees but people remain infective and HIV antibodies are noticeable in the blood. so antibody trials will demo a positive consequence. Research has shown that HIV is non hibernating during this phase. but is really active in the lymph nodes. A trial is available to mensurate the little sum of HIV that escapes the lymph nodes. This trial which measures HIV RNA ( HIV familial stuff ) is referred to as the viral burden trial. and it has an of import function in the intervention of HIV infection. † ( 4 ) Phase 3 is diagnostic HIV characterized by lymph nodes and tissues going for good damaged and the virus get downing to mutate to AIDs due to the inability of the organic structure maintaining up with helper T cell reconstructing as the HIV virus putting to deaths off the assistant T cells. Phase 4 is patterned advance of HIV to AIDS. AIDS is diagnosed when any status listed in clinical phase 4 is diagnosed and/or the CD4 count is less than 200 cells/mm3 or a CD4 per centum less than 15. ( 4 ) The ABC’s of HIV are: Abstinence for young person. including the hold of sexual introduction and abstention until matrimony Being tested for HIV and being faithful in matrimony and monogamous relationships Correct and consistent usage of rubbers for those who pattern high-risk behavior ( 4 ) The CDC has listed 24 types of timeserving infections sing HIV. As his nurse I would do certain Mr. Thomas had the information sing all 24. but I would clear up on the 4 chief 1s since he is already exhibiting symptoms of those. Four chief types of timeserving infections in respects to HIV are: â€Å"Thrush: fungous infection of the oral cavity. pharynx. or vagina. Herpes simplex virus: can do unwritten herpes ( cold sores ) or venereal herpes. This is a reasonably common infection but if you have HIV. the eruptions can be much more frequent and more terrible. Mycobacterium avium composite ( MAC or MAI ) – a bacterial infection that can do repeating febrilities. general ill feelings. jobs with digestion. and s erious weight loss Pneumocystis pneumonia ( PCP ) – a fungous infection that can do a fatal pneumonia. † ( 6 ) 11. Following the nurse’s instruction. Mr. Thomas states. â€Å"How stupid I was to hold that matter. Not merely could it destroy my matrimony. but it gave me a decease sentence. † Share with Mr. Thomas what you know about long-run subsisters. long-run non-progressors. and extremely active antiretroviral therapy ( HAART ) . HIV bearers can transport the virus for a decennary demoing small to no symptoms.There are many different types of care drug therapies to relieve symptoms. and cut down the rate of patterned advance. Antiretroviral therapy can assist procrastinate the patterned advance of the disease. nevertheless. discontinuance of antiretroviral therapy may ensue in viral recoil. immune decomposition. and clinical patterned advance of HIV. Break of HAART is non recommended ( 7 ) . With HAART. patients who have had a positive HIV trial have gone every bit long as 30 old ages with small to no symptoms and no patterned advance of AIDS ( 6 ) . HAART is defined as a drug regimen to accomplish sustained viral suppression. Simplified intervention regimens and diminishing the figure of medicines that patients have to take each twenty-four hours has proven effectual in patient’s attachment to their intervention. Drug companies are invariably happening new ways to unite the inhibitors into 2-3 medicin es versus the extended intervention regimens originally used. Overall attachment rates are still merely 30-50 % in the US. so I would urge extended follow up with Mr. Thomas and his wellness attention suppliers to increase his attachment. 12. Discourse how the nurse should react if Mr. Thomas’s married woman approaches him in the hall and asks. â€Å"Did the trial consequences come back yet? Do you cognize what is incorrect with my hubby? † The nurse must state Mr. Thomas’s married woman that she can non discourse Mr. Thomas’s medical status with her and that she must inquire Mr. Thomas himself. Legally and ethically. the nurse can non give Mr. Thomas’s married woman any information sing his status and diagnosing if Mr. Thomas has specifically asked for no information to be disclosed. which he has. 13. List five possible nursing diagnosings appropriate to see for Mr. Thomas. I chose these 5 for where Mr. Thomas is related to his disease at this clip. 1. Deficient cognition related to HIV infection. agencies of forestalling HIV transmittal. and self-care 2. Hazard for infection related to immunodeficiency.3. Activity intolerance related to failing. weariness. malnutrition. impairedfluid and electrolyte balance and hypoxia associated with pneumonic infections. 4. Social isolation related to stigma of disease. backdown of support systems. isolation processs. and fright of infecting others. 5. Anticipatory sorrowing related t alterations in life style and functions and unfavourable forecast Mentions1 ) Conner. Ross F. . A ; Fan. Hung Y. . A ; Vilarreal. Luis P. Aids. Science and Society. Sixth Edition. 2011. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. LLC 2 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www. biomedcentral. com/1472-698X/11/63 ) World Wide Web. mayoclinic. com4 ) World Wide Web. avert. org5 ) World Wide Web. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. org6 ) World Wide Web. AIDSs. org7 ) Smeltzer. Suzanne C. . A ; Hinkle. Janice L. . A ; Bare. Brenda G. . A ; Cheever. Kerry H. Brunner A ; Suddarth’s Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing. ( 2010 ) . Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams A ; Wilkins